The Nature of Stuttering
Here I leave a translation of a text that I found long ago. It is only the translation of an extract. I've chosen to translate it deals with the nature of stuttering, and I found interesting because the compression of this, we will make it more bearable our stuttering.
4.3.1 Development of speech in the Brain
The brain is divided into 2 hemispheres: The left hemisphere and right hemisphere, and is well known by most people the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The language originally developed in both hemispheres but in most cases (about 95% of cases), change - by the age of 5 years - the left hemisphere alone, the abandoned air speech in the right hemisphere are reused for other functions, for example, gesticulations. Also, around this age, the child begins to develop self-awareness.
The two hemispheres are connected by a bundle of fibers called the Corpus Callosum. The emotional stimulus passes between the two hemispheres of the other way - the anterior commissure.
In an experiment where a person is required to repeat the speech of another person and simultaneously tapping with the finger of his right hand or left, the person will find it more difficult to tap with your finger right to left, this is why right thumb racing speech-language pathology for the "real property" in the left hemisphere of the brain (remember that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body).
The left hemisphere controls speech-language pathology in 97% of right-handers, but right hemisphere controls language in only 19% of lefties. Others have language in the left hemisphere (68%) or both. Some evidence suggests that lefties are more susceptible to problems of language such as stuttering and dyslexia. Even the right-handed relatives seem to understand the language so different from a "pure" right-handed. The brain is predisposed to not only involves the hands, but the rest of the body. A left-handed person tends to use his left eye when looking through a microscope, and used his left leg when he puts the cat out of the room.
The language usually begins in the second year of the child's life with the activation of the two largest areas of speech are separate but neighboring areas in the brain. These areas are:
- Wernicke's Area, which is responsible for compression
language - Broca's area, which is responsible for the articulation of speech.
The "arcuate fasciculus" is a cluster of nerve fibers connecting the Broca's area to Wernicke's area. See the following diagram.
The analysis of the meaning of the word takes place in Wernicke's area. Damage to this part may cause deafness in word "- the voices are heard, but not the words. People with this disorder called Wernicke's aphasia "- caused by damage to Wernicke's area - speak fluently and grammatically, but his speech is meaningless. They can not understand the spoken word can not even understand his own words, so they can not monitor their speech. Perhaps this is the monitoring of speech that refer Vasic and Wijnen. In brain imaging studies, Anne Foundas, Tulane University in New Orleans, found that Wernicke's area is significantly larger in stutterers.
Broca's area is adjacent to the motor cortex (which, among other things, controls the larynx, jaw, tongue and lips). It seems that the Broca's area instructs the motor cortex to articulate speech. People with Broca's aphasia have damage this area, can understand what they are told, and they know what they want to say, just can not say. In 1861 the French physician Paul Broca (hence the name of Broca's area) dissect the brain of a patient who had been named "Tan" why this was the only syllable he uttered, even when I understood everything that was said. It was discovered that Tan had a lesion in the left hemisphere. So, as is common with aphasia, had paralysis on the right side of his body, this is consistent with the fact that the left hemisphere controls the right side.
A third type of aphasia occurs when the air connection between Broca and Wernicke air - the arcuate fasciculus - is damaged. In this case, a person may not be able to repeat what is said. This is because the incoming words - which are registered in the Wernicke's area - can not be passed to Broca's area for articulation.
Wernicke
The air usually mature before the air drill, so there is a time when babies understand more than they can say, this condition - which can be very frustrating for the child - usually occurs around age two, and may go some way to explain the tantrums that characterized the so-called "terrible twos."
Of course, language and speech are not restricted to Broca's and Wernicke's area. Every word is pronounced involves associations and memories that are different in each word. Even the tattered dogma, "the talk is centered in the left hemisphere and nonverbal skills in the right hemisphere, is an oversimplification, for example, if a person has damaged some part of the right hemisphere, speech will sound flat without emotion. While it is correct to say that language and speech are primarily focused on air Broca and Wernicke in the air, language and speech are not a discrete function within the brain, it is incorrect to refer to a language center located. Speech and language is functionally distributed in many regions in the brain, each working in parallel to produce speech.
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